17 KiB
CountDownLatch的用法
CountDownLatch 是一个同步工具类,用来协调多个线程之间的同步,或者说起到线程之间的通信。
如果想当前线程在别的线程执行完毕后执行,可以使用CountDownLatch。
/**<p><b>Sample usage:</b> Here is a pair of classes in which a group
* of worker threads use two countdown latches:
* <ul>
* <li>The first is a start signal that prevents any worker from proceeding
* until the driver is ready for them to proceed;
* <li>The second is a completion signal that allows the driver to wait
* until all workers have completed.
* </ul>
*
* <pre> {@code
* class Driver { // ...
* void main() throws InterruptedException {
* CountDownLatch startSignal = new CountDownLatch(1);
* CountDownLatch doneSignal = new CountDownLatch(N);
*
* for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) // create and start threads
* new Thread(new Worker(startSignal, doneSignal)).start();
*
* doSomethingElse(); // don't let run yet
* startSignal.countDown(); // let all threads proceed
* doSomethingElse();
* doneSignal.await(); // wait for all to finish
* }
* }
*
* class Worker implements Runnable {
* private final CountDownLatch startSignal;
* private final CountDownLatch doneSignal;
* Worker(CountDownLatch startSignal, CountDownLatch doneSignal) {
* this.startSignal = startSignal;
* this.doneSignal = doneSignal;
* }
* public void run() {
* try {
* startSignal.await();
* doWork();
* doneSignal.countDown();
* } catch (InterruptedException ex) {} // return;
* }
*
* void doWork() { ... }
* }}</pre>
线程创建
线程创建通常有3中方法:
- 继承 Thread 类
- 实现 Runnable 接口
- 实现 Callable 接口
实现 Runnable 接口来创建一个线程:
public class MyThread extends Thread {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Thread t1 = new MyThread();
t1.start();
Thread t2 = new Thread(new MyThread2());
t2.start();
Callable call = new MyCallable();
FutureTask<String> task = new FutureTask<String>(call);
Thread t3 = new Thread(task);
t3.start();
}
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println("线程运行中---------extends");
}
static class MyThread2 implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println("线程运行中------runnable");
}
}
static class MyCallable implements Callable{
@Override
public String call() throws Exception {
System.out.println("线程运行中------callable");
return "call over!";
}
}
}
线程间协作
join
在线程中调用另一个线程的 join() 方法,会将当前线程挂起,而不是忙等待,直到目标线程结束。
对于以下代码,虽然 b 线程先启动,但是因为在 b 线程中调用了 a 线程的 join() 方法,b 线程会等待 a 线程结束才继续执行,因此最后能够保证 a 线程的输出先于 b 线程的输出。
public class JoinExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
JoinExample example = new JoinExample();
example.test();
}
private class A extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println("A");
}
}
private class B extends Thread {
private A a;
B(A a) {
this.a = a;
}
@Override
public void run() {
try {
a.join();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println("B");
}
}
public void test() {
A a = new A();
B b = new B(a);
b.start();
a.start();
}
}
wait
wait 方法会使得当前线程进入等待状态,使用 wait() 挂起期间,线程会释放锁。这是因为,如果没有释放锁,那么其它线程就无法进入对象的同步方法或者同步控制块中,那么就无法执行 notify() 或者 notifyAll() 来唤醒挂起的线程,造成死锁。
wait() 和 sleep() 的区别
- wait() 是 Object 的方法,而 sleep() 是 Thread 的静态方法;
- wait() 会释放锁,sleep() 不会。
interrupt
线程中断的方法有两种:
- 使用 interrupted()来作为线程循环执行的判断条件
public class InterruptExample {
private static class MyThread2 extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
while (!interrupted()) {
// ..
}
System.out.println("Thread end");
}
}
}
- 使用InterruptedException
通过调用一个线程的 interrupt() 来中断该线程,如果该线程处于阻塞、限期等待或者无限期等待状态,那么就会抛出 InterruptedException,从而提前结束该线程。但是不能中断 I/O 阻塞和 synchronized 锁阻塞
对于以下代码,在 main() 中启动一个线程之后再中断它,由于线程中调用了 Thread.sleep() 方法,因此会抛出一个 InterruptedException,从而提前结束线程,不执行之后的语句。
public class InterruptExample {
private static class MyThread1 extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
try {
Thread.sleep(2000);
System.out.println("Thread run");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
Thread thread1 = new MyThread1();
thread1.start();
thread1.interrupt();
System.out.println("Main run");
}
Condition
java.util.concurrent 类库中提供了 Condition 类来实现线程之间的协调,可以在 Condition 上调用 await() 方法使线程等待,其它线程调用 signal() 或 signalAll() 方法唤醒等待的线程。相比于 wait() 这种等待方式,await() 可以指定等待的条件,因此更加灵活。
public class AwaitSignalExample {
private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
private Condition condition = lock.newCondition();
public void before() {
lock.lock();
try {
System.out.println("before");
condition.signalAll();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
public void after() {
lock.lock();
try {
condition.await();
System.out.println("after");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
}
Executor 框架
Executor 框架主要由3大部分组成,如下:
- 任务
被执行的任务需要实现 Runnable 或者 Callable接口
- 任务的执行
任务执行的核心接口 Executor, 以及继承自 Executor 的 ExecutorService 接口。 Executor 框架有两个关键类实现了 ExecutorService 接口(ThreadPoolExecutor 和 ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor)
- 异步计算的结果
Future 接口和 FutureTask 类
Executor 主要的类和接口
类和接口 | 说明 |
---|---|
Executor | 一个接口,其定义了一个接收Runnable对象的方法executor,其方法签名为executor(Runnable command), Executor 框架的基础,它将任务的提交和任务的执行分离开来 |
ExecutorService | 是一个比Executor使用更广泛的子类接口,其提供了生命周期管理的方法,以及可跟踪一个或多个异步任务执行状况返回Future的方法 |
AbstractExecutorService | ExecutorService执行方法的默认实现 |
ThreadPoolExecutor | 线程池的核心实现类,用来执行被提交的任务。通过调用Executors以下静态工厂方法来创建线程池并返回一个ExecutorService对象 |
ScheduledExecutorService | 一个可定时调度任务的接口 |
ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor | ScheduledExecutorService 的实现类, 可以在给定的延迟后运行命令,或者定期执行命令, 比 Timer更加灵活,功能更加强大。 |
ThreadPoolExecutor
ThreadPoolExecutor 使用 Executors来创建,提供了4种类型的ThreadPoolExectuor, 分别是 newFixedThreadPool 、 newSingleThreadExecutor 、newScheduledThreadPool、 newCachedThreadPool.
- 构造函数
/**
* Creates a new {@code ThreadPoolExecutor} with the given initial
* parameters.
*
* @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool, even
* if they are idle, unless {@code allowCoreThreadTimeOut} is set
* @param maximumPoolSize the maximum number of threads to allow in the
* pool
* @param keepAliveTime when the number of threads is greater than
* the core, this is the maximum time that excess idle threads
* will wait for new tasks before terminating.
* @param unit the time unit for the {@code keepAliveTime} argument
* @param workQueue the queue to use for holding tasks before they are
* executed. This queue will hold only the {@code Runnable}
* tasks submitted by the {@code execute} method.
* @param threadFactory the factory to use when the executor
* creates a new thread
* @param handler the handler to use when execution is blocked
* because the thread bounds and queue capacities are reached
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if one of the following holds:<br>
* {@code corePoolSize < 0}<br>
* {@code keepAliveTime < 0}<br>
* {@code maximumPoolSize <= 0}<br>
* {@code maximumPoolSize < corePoolSize}
* @throws NullPointerException if {@code workQueue}
* or {@code threadFactory} or {@code handler} is null
*/
public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
int maximumPoolSize,
long keepAliveTime,
TimeUnit unit,
BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,
ThreadFactory threadFactory,
RejectedExecutionHandler handler)
参数说明:
corePoolSize:核心线程数,如果运行的线程少于corePoolSize,则创建新线程来执行新任务,即使线程池中的其他线程是空闲的
maximumPoolSize:最大线程数,可允许创建的线程数,corePoolSize和maximumPoolSize设置的边界自动调整池大小: corePoolSize <运行的线程数< maximumPoolSize:仅当队列满时才创建新线程 corePoolSize=运行的线程数= maximumPoolSize:创建固定大小的线程池
keepAliveTime:如果线程数多于corePoolSize,则这些多余的线程的空闲时间超过keepAliveTime时将被终止
unit:keepAliveTime参数的时间单位
workQueue:保存任务的阻塞队列,与线程池的大小有关: 当运行的线程数少于corePoolSize时,在有新任务时直接创建新线程来执行任务而无需再进队列 当运行的线程数等于或多于corePoolSize,在有新任务添加时则选加入队列,不直接创建线程 当队列满时,在有新任务时就创建新线程
threadFactory:使用ThreadFactory创建新线程,默认使用defaultThreadFactory创建线程
handle:定义处理被拒绝任务的策略,默认使用ThreadPoolExecutor.AbortPolicy,任务被拒绝时将抛出RejectExecutorException
newFixedThreadPool
创建可重用且固定线程数的线程池,如果线程池中的所有线程都处于活动状态,此时再提交任务就在队列中等待,直到有可用线程;如果线程池中的某个线程由于异常而结束时,线程池就会再补充一条新线程。
public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) {
return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,
0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
//使用一个基于FIFO排序的阻塞队列,在所有corePoolSize线程都忙时新任务将在队列中等待
new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>());
}
newSingleThreadExecutor
创建一个单线程的Executor,如果该线程因为异常而结束就新建一条线程来继续执行后续的任务
public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor() {
return new FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService
//corePoolSize和maximumPoolSize都等于,表示固定线程池大小为1
(new ThreadPoolExecutor(1, 1,
0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>()));
}
newScheduledThreadPool
创建一个可延迟执行或定期执行的线程池
/**
* Creates a new {@code ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor} with the
* given core pool size.
*
* @param corePoolSize the number of threads to keep in the pool, even
* if they are idle, unless {@code allowCoreThreadTimeOut} is set
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code corePoolSize < 0}
*/
public ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize) {
super(corePoolSize, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
DEFAULT_KEEPALIVE_MILLIS, MILLISECONDS,
new DelayedWorkQueue());
}
使用 scheduledThread 来模拟心跳:
public class HeartBeat {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ScheduledExecutorService executor = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(5);
Runnable task = new Runnable() {
public void run() {
System.out.println("HeartBeat.........................");
}
};
executor.scheduleAtFixedRate(task,5,3, TimeUnit.SECONDS); //5秒后第一次执行,之后每隔3秒执行一次
}
}
newCachedThreadPool
创建可缓存的线程池,如果线程池中的线程在60秒未被使用就将被移除,在执行新的任务时,当线程池中有之前创建的可用线程就重用可用线程,否则就新建一条线程
public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool() {
return new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
//使用同步队列,将任务直接提交给线程
new SynchronousQueue<Runnable>());
}
例子:
public class ThreadPoolTest {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
ExecutorService threadPool = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();//线程池里面的线程数会动态变化,并可在线程线被移除前重用
for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i ++) {
final int task = i; //10个任务
TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
threadPool.execute(new Runnable() { //接受一个Runnable实例
public void run() {
System.out.println("线程名字: " + Thread.currentThread().getName() + " 任务名为: "+task);
}
});
}
}
}
输出:(为每个任务新建一条线程,共创建了3条线程) 线程名字: pool-1-thread-1 任务名为: 1 线程名字: pool-1-thread-2 任务名为: 2 线程名字: pool-1-thread-3 任务名为: 3 去掉第6行的注释其输出如下:(始终重复利用一条线程,因为newCachedThreadPool能重用可用线程) 线程名字: pool-1-thread-1 任务名为: 1 线程名字: pool-1-thread-1 任务名为: 2 线程名字: pool-1-thread-1 任务名为: 3
Future 接口
Future 接口和实现了Future接口的FutureTask类用来表示异步计算的结果。当我们把Runnable 或者 Callable 接口的实现类提交给ThreadPoolExecutor时,Exector会返回给FutureTask对象
ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor
ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor 继承自 ThreadPoolExecutor, 主要用来在给定的延迟后运行任务。 主要包含3个成员变量:
- long: time ; 表示这个任务将要被执行的具体时间
- long: sequenceNumber; 表示这个任务被添加到SheduledThreadPoolExecutor 中的序号
- long:period; 表示任务执行的间隔周期
该类采用了DelyQueue,封装了一个优先队列,该队列会对队列中的SheduledFutureTask 进行排序。time小的会排在前面,如果time相同,则会比较sequenceNumber, 就是说如果两个任务的执行时间相同,谁先提交就谁先执行